Chandiland

Author: Health Review Board

  • What is Dementia?

      What is dementia?

    According to the World Health Organisation, “Dementia is a syndrome during which there’s deterioration in memory, thinking, behavior and therefore the ability to perform everyday activities.”

    Importantly, while dementia mainly affects older people, it’s not a traditional part of aging. It’s had a physical, psychological, social, and economic impact not only on people with dementia but also on their carers, families, and society at large.

    Worldwide, around 50 million people have dementia, and there are nearly 10 million new cases per annum. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common sort of dementia, and should contribute to 60–70% of cases. The bad news is that the number of individuals with dementia is projected to succeed by 82 million in 2030 and 152 million in 2050. The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that quite 4 million people in India have some sort of dementia.

    The costs too are huge. In 2015, the worldwide societal cost of dementia was estimated to be a staggering US$ 818 billion, like 1.1% of worldwide gross domestic product (GDP). It’s likely to travel up to US$ 2 trillion annually by 2030.

    The early stages of dementia are usually overlooked, even by doctors, because the onset is gradual. Common symptoms include forgetfulness, losing track of your time and becoming lost in familiar places. As the disease progresses, the signs and symptoms become clearer e.g. becoming forgetful of recent events and people’s names, increasing difficulty with communication and repeating questions, needing help with care etc. Dementia then progresses to a stage of near-total dependence, inactivity and sometimes aggressive behavior

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    Sadly, currently, there’s no treatment available to cure dementia or to change its progressive course. However, much is often done to support and improve the lives of individuals with dementia and their carers and families. What’s important, therefore, is early diagnosis to ensure timely and optimal management.

  • Can you have heart attack symptoms on and off for days? How long does it take for a heart attack to happen after its symptoms start appearing?

     Can you have heart attack symptoms on and off for days? How long does it take for a heart attack to happen after its symptoms start appearing?

    We see many, many panicky teen/twins having non-cardiac chest pains, as a symptom of their inability to cope with their stress, anxiety, they just think they have a heart attack they don’t have.

    But, middle-aged mostly smokers, diabetics, hypertensives, some with a family history of heart attack, sure can have chest pains due to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery narrowing, mostly felt when physically exerting oneself, subsiding on rest, angina pectoris, not a heart attack. 

    These anginal episodes can occur more and more often, provoked by less and less physical exertion, at the end even in rest: “acute coronary syndrome” that could lead up to an acute heart attack, so needs to be seen ASAP to prevent this from happening.

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  • What plants should I grow first in a garden?

     What plants should I grow first in a garden?

    it’s entirely up to you! Your climate will put limits on what will thrive in your location. Still, there are lots of plants that will love to grow for you wherever you live.

    I suggest trying a variety of plants that you know will be rewarding. I’m going to suggest flowers, vegetables, and herbs. Flowers give you colour and butterflies; vegetables give you food; herbs give you great aromas from their leaves.

    Among flowers, I find vincas, zinnias, marigolds, and petunias to be easy and dependable. It’s a good idea to get more than one kind because sometimes one does great and another kind doesn’t even sprout.

    You should try a couple of vegetables too. Tomatoes are everyone’s favourite, and I would plant some kind of peas too. I love eating them right off the bush and still in the pod. Gourds are fun; you can’t eat them, but the vines climb all over and you can put them around the house and enjoy the colours, or dry them out.

    Finally, herbs. I’m extremely partial to herbs because when you bruise the leaves, you get wonderful aromas (and of course you can cook with them or put them on food like eggs or in soups.) Oregano comes back for me year after year, sage is very useful and attractive, rosemary laughs at frost and becomes a bush, and lavender is a classic in cooler climates. Any herb with “lemon” in the name is going to smell wonderful!

    Just a word or two further – you will get bugs eating your plants. I never use chemicals to kill them, because the insecticides also kill the “good” bugs. 

    For every kind of bug that eats your plants, there are good bugs that eat the bad bugs. Do set yourself the goal of staying chemical-free and giving the good bugs a chance to multiply and keep the bad ones down to a dull roar.

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    Also, some plants are picky about where they are growing; I often try the same plant six feet apart and one grows, the other doesn’t. It could be a small difference in how much sun or shade they are getting, a difference in a drainage that keeps one better-watered, or maybe the way the fence steers the wind. If a plant you like isn’t happy in one spot, you can try it in another spot. (Easier with potted plants, of course.)

    Have fun with your gardening, it’s something millions of us love to do, so glad you’re getting into it!

  • What are top 10 deadliest animal diseases in the world?

    What are top 10 deadliest animal diseases in the world?

    AHSV (African horse sickness virus). AHSV is a close relative to Bluetongue virus, both of which are dsRNA arboviruses infecting livestock. 

    AHSV primarily infects horses, causing the nasty respiratory and cardiac syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 90%. The disease can be spread via various blood-feeding insects including mosquitoes.

    African swine fever virus

    ASFV (African swine fever virus), which recently invaded China and posed a serious threat to the local meat industry. ASFV is a huge dsDNA virus-like poxviruses. 

    ASFV is the only arbovirus belonging to the dsDNA family, which infects pigs through tick bites. However, it can also be transmitted via direct contact or consumption of infected meat scraps. 

    ASFV is quite a badass, not only because it causes quite lethal haemorrhage diseases in pigs, with a mortality rate approaching 100%, but also the virus can persist in infected ticks and pigs for many years, and no vaccine is available, which poses a serious challenge to quarantine efforts.

    aagsiekte sheep retrovirus

    JSRV (Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus), which causes cancers in sheep. Although quite a few cancer-causing viruses is infecting human such as HPV and hepatitis C, none of them is comparable to JSRV, which causes lung cancer and transmits through the air. 

    The viral envelope proteins themselves can promote the host cell proliferation, and because JSRV is a retrovirus, it can potently transform infected cells (production of oncoproteins alone can’t lead to transformation; to transform the cells you need to get the genetic code of that protein into the chromosomes so that every descendant carries its copy). 

    As a result, the virus is responsible for over 70% of cancer cases in sheep. Another badass thing is that there is an endogenous ‘cousin’ lurking inside sheep’s chromosome, so that sheep develop no immune response against JSRV due to the immune tolerance!

    Myxoma virus

    Myxoma virus. Myxoma virus is a native virus of new world rabbits with a low mortality rate but is highly lethal (99%) in old-world rabbits. Although myxoma virus is transmitted via insect bites, it can’t infect its vectors but is transmitted physically. Because European rabbits are endemic in Australia, the virus was imported to curtail the rabbit population.

    Although the myxoma virus did a great job at curtailing the rabbits initially, its mortality rate declined gradually to 70% due to adaption between the virus and rabbits. To further consolidate the achievements, a second virus called rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV or RCV) was imported from China. RCV belongs to the same family of norovirus but is highly lethal to rabbits (>90%). Unlike the myxoma virus, RCV is transmitted via direct contact.

    Canine distemper virus

    Canine distemper virus (CDV), which infects dogs as well as wild animals under the fissipedia order. CDV is close relative to the measles virus infecting humans. It’s as infectious as measles, but with a much higher mortality rate (80%). It affects multiple sites of animals’ bodies, which entails respiratory, alimentary, and central nervous systems.

    It’s so fortunate that none of these guys seems to be interested in humans. Although we have viruses like HIV and Ebola, none of them is easily transmitted. That’s unlike the viruses mentioned above, which can spread via casual contacts or insect bites.

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  • What is Coronary artery disease?

     What is Coronary artery disease?

    Coronary artery disease is known as ischemic heart disease (IHD). It contains some cluster of diseases like stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. The symptoms of Coronary artery diseases are chest pain or pain in the shoulder and neck. Sometimes there may be some symptoms of heartburn. 
    This may cause due to exercise or emotional stress, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, high blood cholesterol, etc. the mechanism includes fall of blood flow and oxygen due to atherosclerosis. 
    This can be prevented by having a healthy diet, regular exercise, and keeping regular weight. This can be diagnosed by ECG, Echocardiogram, nuclear scan, CT angiography. It can be treated by coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), Coronary stent, and Angioplasty.
    Coronary Artery Disease is caused by damage to the coronary arteries, which are majorly responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the heart. The buildup of cholesterol plaque tends to block the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart, resulting in reduced function. 
    In some cases, damage to the coronary arteries can also occur due to other reasons, and limit the amount of blood flowing to the heart. Partial blockage results in chest pain, shortness of breath, etc, and complete blockage leads to a heart attack. The initial symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease are not prominent, with a majority of cases only being diagnosed when the conditions progress quite a bit.
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  • Does Smoking Cannabis Worsen COVID-19 Symptoms?

     Does smoking cannabis worsen COVID-19 symptoms?

    The coronavirus is a respiratory illness. This means that if you contract the virus it will affect your lungs and respiratory tracts severely. 

    Not only this but it will cause severe illnesses in patients with a smoking history. So, you have to make sure that you are not smoking regularly. 

    Moreover, you have to understand that these are crucial times and strong immunity can help you fight the coronavirus. But the bad news is that people with a smoking history do not have strong immunity. This also means that if you smoke marijuana, you are under the radar of the virus. 

    In fact, a study recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine analyzed the medical condition of coronavirus patients. 

    There were interesting findings and the most crucial finding was that patients with smoking history were more prone to severe illnesses from the coronavirus. 

    In addition to this, if you already have coronavirus you need to quit smoking cannabis now, because it may cause the symptoms to worsen over a short period of time. 

    For those who do not have the virus and they smoke cannabis, I feel this is the right time to switch to cannabis edibles and other forms of cannabis consumption. 

    And the ones consuming medical cannabis ensure that you use telemedicine to take medical supervision before smoking marijuana. In fact, it is best if you consume cannabis in forms other than vape and smoke.

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  • Which is the best treatment for lower respiratory tract infections?

     

    Which is the best treatment for lower respiratory tract infections?

    Respiratory infection is pretty common. Treatment is necessary because it affects the way you breathe. So, timely attention is necessary. Now, talking about lower respiratory tract infection, it affects the lungs and the part below the vocal cords. Bronchitis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia are some common examples.

    Lower respiratory tract infection symptoms include:

    1) Sore throat
    2)Runny nose
    3)Dry Cough
    4)Difficulty breathing
    5) Fever
    These symptoms can get severe. So, you need to pay attention at the right time.
    Lower respiratory infection treatment can vary from home remedies to professional treatment. Initially, you can start with home remedies and take enough rest. 
    You can combine these with OTC medications to get some initial relief. If that doesn’t work you need to visit a certified doctor. Contact him and inform him about your condition. He will diagnose and provide you with a customized line of treatment. This might include antibiotics and inhalers. 
    Now, if the case is severe, the doctor may use IV fluids, breathing support, and antibiotics. So, the respiratory infection treatment depends on your diagnosis. Don’t forget to visit the doctor because, in the end, only professional help works.

    Which is the best treatment? 

    Your immune system. If you expect magic from your MD, he’ll give you a prescription for a “wide spectrum” antibiotic. That’s one that kills any bacteria it encounters, good and bad. Yes, we have good, protective bacteria, in all of us.
    By the time you get the prescription paper, your immune system will have already identified the one bacteria that has invaded those cells, where they are, and has made antibodies against only them. All will be killed in five or six days; the prescribed antibiotic will be at least two days late, compared to your white blood cells, and may actually kill a few of the invaders, but most of its damage will occur in your gut, after you swallow the pills.
    There is growing concern that antibiotics are disrupting and weakening the gut biome, possibly enough to allow unnatural bacteria to take their place. Some suggest that is behind many of what they call autoimmune diseases, that seem to come from nowhere. Be careful with antibiotics; they’re suspected of causing MRSA mutations that no antibiotic can kill. Those with weak immune systems are endangered.
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  • What is angiography?

    What is angiography?

    Angiography ( Angio = blood vessel, graphy = process of recording) 

    is a process of recording the patency and structure of blood vessels internally. It is commonly done to detect any blockage in your heart vessels ( coronary angiography) or blockage in blood vessels of the brain ( cerebral angiography). 
    It is either done conventionally using a catheter and an X-ray machine or non conventionally using a CT scan ( CT angiography) or rarely MRI ( MR Angiography).

    Conventional angiography:

    An artery is chosen preferably the one in the groin ( femoral artery). A catheter is introduced with the help of a needle and an introducer up to the vessel required to be studied. Dye/ contrast material is injected through the catheter and the flow of the dye is studied using x-ray pictures. These pictures can be stored and re-evaluated. The picture is called an angiogram.

    Coronary Angiography is a test of choice when the cardiologist suspects coronary artery disease based on stress testing (TMT), thallium scan, or stress echocardiography reports.
    Angiography is the final test to determine the number and severity and length of the blockage. The results of angiography along with clinical evaluation will help the cardiologist in taking a decision regarding the treatment required whether angioplasty, bypass surgery or conservative mode of treatment.
    In angiography procedure a special dye is injected into the coronary arteries of heart and x rays are taken, the dye shows up on X-ray monitor and reveals the presence of a blockage.
    The procedure of coronary angiography approximately takes 15-20 minutes, Usually, the catheter is inserted through the femoral artery, local anaesthesia is given and skin incision made and the catheter is inserted and manipulated through the bloodstream to the artery while viewing continuously through the x-ray device, the contrast agent is injected to make the blood vessels visible and x-rays are taken helping the cardiologist study the flow of blood through the blood vessels and help the doctor find any blockages.
    After the procedure, the artery is compressed for 10-15 minutes and compression bandage applied, advised against moving the limb for few hours as it may cause the artery to bleed, also to take in plenty of fluids so that dye is washed out. The dressing placed over the angiography puncture site is removed the day after the procedure, you can wet the area thereafter and no further dressing is required.

    After angiography, normal activities can be resumed from next day onwards.
    Cost of angiography in India ranges from USD 300 onwards depending upon the doctor performing, the hospital chosen and the general health status of the patient, if angioplasty required further on.
    There is less than 1% risk of complications like bleeding, allergic reaction to the dye, deterioration of renal, cardiac function or stroke.
    Angiography is a safe procedure Occasionally people feel that angiography is a risky procedure and always to be followed by angioplasty, but this is not correct, in many cases, the arteries have just a minor blockage and angioplasty is not required. 
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  • Can an echocardiogram detect clogged arteries?

     

    echocardiogram detect clogged arteries

    Sometimes, but usually not.
    They are usually (when present) in the Left atrial appendage and that area is not seen by the transthoracic echo.
    But can be seen on transesophageal echo.
    Please note: I originally answered the question “Can an echocardiogram detect blood clots”. Quora has incorrectly changed the question to “clogged arteries” and my answer is not correct for the changed question.
    Echocardiograms are real-time images of the heart; when looking for “clogged arteries”, a different technique is used: ultrasound & doppler of the arteries in question—not the heart.
    Echo-cardiogram is used to diagnose the proper functioning of heart chambers (2-Atria, 2-ventricles ) as well as Heart valves (Bi-cuspid and tri-cuspid). It is an ultrasound-based technology that uses an electrode to check the proper blood flow from Atria to ventricles through heart valves.
    To diagnose the blockage of arteries or say blood vessels angiography technique is used. It shows widening, narrowing or blockages of blood vessels.

  • On Which conditions do doctors in California prescribe medical marijuana

     

    On Which conditions do doctors in California prescribe medical marijuana

    Medical marijuana in California is recommended (not prescribed) by a state-licensed medical health professional only if your medical condition falls under the ones listed by the state government. 
    In California, people suffering from the following medical conditions or symptoms are eligible to apply for a medical cannabis card.
    • Anorexia
    • Arthritis
    • Cancer
    • Cachexia
    • Chronic pain
    • Epilepsy
    • Glaucoma
    • HIV/AIDS
    • Migraines
    • Muscle Spasms
    • Spasticity
    • Seizures
    • Severe Nausea
    Any medical condition or symptom that may severely affect the major life activities of a person (as per the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990). Any medical condition or symptom that may put the physical and mental well being of a person in danger if left untreated.
    I feel like more research is needed to learn about the efficiency of medical marijuana for anxiety. But the anecdotal reports and various studies show that medical marijuana can be helpful in reducing stress levels in people suffering from anxiety. 
    That is why people suffering from PTSD take the help of medical cannabis to manage their symptoms. Research shows that medical cannabis can be helpful in managing anxiety, and can work as an alternative to typical anti-anxiety medication. 
    Many people use medical marijuana to deal with their anxiety issues such as generalized anxiety disorder. But it all depends upon the strain you are using. There are certain cannabis strains that can induce anxiety and paranoia in some people. 
    So, it is important to choose the right strain when looking to manage your anxiety. You should always consult your medical marijuana doctor before choosing any strain.
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